Taken together these data further confirmed the structure elucidation of B16. The precursor ion m/z 276 (B1) detected, which was 74 Da lower than that for the 4F-MDMB-BINACA ester hydrolysis metabolite (B22), indicated N-dealkylation of B22. The precursor ion m/z 348 and product ion detected at m/z 217 (B2) identified was 2 Da less than the 4F-MDMB-BINACA ester hydrolysis metabolite (B22), indicating oxidative defluorination (loss of fluorine with addition of hydroxy adb butinaca group

Briefly, the FOB test was comprised of several behavioral changes including catalepsy, traction, tremor, convulsion, exopthalmos, piloerection, salivation, lacrimation, diarrhea, skin coloration, pinna reflex, righting reflex, and death. The FOB test was performed using published procedures (Moser et al., 1989) with some modifications. However, because of their subjective properties, it is necessary to set up a more objective automated measurement to determine their neurotoxicity. However, there are only a couple of anecdotal reports suspecting the possibility of their neurotoxicity with no scientific evidence (Cohen et al., 2012; McGuinness and Newell, 2012; Harris and Brown, 2013; Hermanns et al., 2013

Figure 1.
Each training session lasted a maximum of 10 min, and the rats could earn up to 20 food pellets. Thirty minutes prior to the training sessions, rats received an injection of either vehicle or Δ9-THC and were subsequently placed in the behavior-testing chambers, where food (45-mg food pellets; Bio-Serve, Frenchtown, NJ) was available as a reinforcer for every ten responses (FR10) on a designated injection appropriate lever. A houselight was centered over the hopper close to the ceiling and was illuminated only when the levers were active. Each dose range included doses that were without effect to those producing at least 50% depression compared to vehicle control. Twenty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats were obtained from Envigo (Houston, TX). Male ND4 Swiss–Webster mice were obtained from Envigo (Houston, TX) at approximately 8 weeks of age and maintained in the University of North Texas Health Science Center (UNTHSC) animal facility for two weeks prior to testin

LC-QTOF-MS represents a significant advancement in the field of drug detection, offering higher sensitivity, specificity, and a broader spectrum of detectable substances. Despite all negative results in the point-of-care test for recreational drugs, the liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS) analysis showed that the liquid of the e-cigarette contained ADB-BUTINACA, a synthetic cannabinoid. We report a 27-year-old man who was admitted to the emergency room because of sudden adb butinaca headache, nausea, vertigo, red eyes and palpitations. Synthetic cannabinoids are gaining popularity globally and detection is not commonly available.
Data availability
When clinical presentation and/or initial DOA testing results are inconclusive, additional testing with LC-QTOF-MS can be valuable and is recommended. SCRAs and other NPS may not be detected by point-of-care DOA tests. In this case, the point-of-care DOA urine screening was not able to detect the synthetic cannabinoid ADB-BUTINAC

Some mice showed abnormal behaviors (catalepsy, loss of traction, convulsion) right after the administration of the tested substances. The locomotor activity of the mice was measured 30 min and 2 hrs after the last substance administration. We also examined their neurotoxicity using brain samples through histopathological diagnose, especially in the nucleus accumbens core region. In histopathological analysis, neural cells of the animals treated with the high dose (5 mg/kg) of JWH-081 or JWH-210 showed distorted nuclei and nucleus membranes in the core shell of nucleus accumbens, suggesting neurotoxicity.
Table of Conten

Moreover, genetic makeup, physiological conditions (age, gender and ethnicity), environmental influences (diet) and pathological factors (liver diseases, diabetes, and obesity) would further complicate the metabolism of drug

Acute kidney damage and even kidney failure have been reported following use of synthetic cannabinoids (Davidson, et al., 2017). One recent study has looked at other mechanisms of action in some of the older synthetic cannabinoids and reported that some produced varying amounts of activity at sites which are related to cardiotoxicity and heart disease (Wiley et al., 2016). It is not known whether the increased toxicity is due only to activation of CB1 cannabinoid receptors more strongly than Δ9-THC or whether these “super-strength” cannabinoids produce effects at other receptors. A major cause of concern is that some of the more recently seen synthetic cannabinoids are more likely to produce extremely toxic effects than the older synthetics (Tai and Fantegrossi, 2017

LC separates the urine or blood sample and QTOF-MS provides high-resolution and accurate mass measurements for precise identification and structural elucidation of compounds. The LC-QTOF-MS method offers a more comprehensive and sensitive approach for drug detection, covering hundreds of recreational drugs, including NPS. Besides increasing the temperature to enlarge the drug aerolisation and bioavailability, one can elevate the flow rate of air through the e-cigarette and/or add a diluent . Of all e-cigarette users registered at this forum, 7.8 % vaped SCRAs . About 15 % of individuals registered at forums for drug users such as erowid.org who vaped cannabis have also vaped SRCAs. SCRAs belong, together with synthetic opioids, cathinones, amphetamines and hallucinogens to the new psychoactive substances (NPS) that are currently developed at high speed.
Data availabili